spicatum and that the influence of environment was greater. This study showed that geography and environment together played roles in shaping the genetic structure of M. spicatum populations and that climate had the highest regression coefficient according to the MMRR analysis. The causal modeling revealed that both climate and geographic barriers significantly influenced genetic divergence among M. Two genetic clusters were identified, and their geographic distribution suggested mountain ranges as a barrier to gene flow. We examined the spatial genetic differentiation of 58 Myriophyllum spicatum populations distributed throughout China with 12 microsatellite loci, and we analyzed its association with geographic distance, geographic barriers, and environmental dissimilarity using causal modeling and multiple matrix regression with randomization (MMRR) analysis. The effects of geographic and environmental variables on the pattern of genetic differentiation have been thoroughly studied, whereas empirical studies on aquatic plants are rare.
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